The article presents and discusses the eponymous names of topographic landmarks and anatomical structures of a normally formed heart: from the first descriptions of the anatomy and physiology of the fetal heart in the 2nd century by Galen to descriptions in the 20th century of the conduction system of the heart and discoveries of the nerve plexuses of the heart by the school of V.P. Vorobyov. A total of 90 eponyms were identified, including: 1) 6 pericardial eponyms; 2) 19 atrial eponyms; 3) 15 ventricular eponyms; 4) 28 eponyms of the conducting system and nerves of the heart; 5) 22 eponyms of the main arteries and the coronary vessels. Several eponyms were first introduced into scientific circulation (Galen's orifice and duct, Da Vinci's entrance gate, valve and muscles; Sinev-Crymski triangle, Tandler's trabecula, Hochstetter's septum). The beginning of the eponymous direction in the descriptive anatomy of the heart laid in the 16th century (Da Vinci shelf, Lower tubercle, etc.), was continued in the 17th century (Aranzi nodules, Eustachian’s valve, etc.), in the 18th century (Valsalva's sinuses, Viessen's valve, Haller's horns, Thebesia's vessels, etc.), in the 19th century (Albini nodules, Albrecht's cavity, Henle's space, Cuvier's canal, Rathke's bundles, etc.), in the 20th century (Aschoff-Tavara node, Wenckebach bundle, Koch triangle, etc.). It has been shown that some eponyms are used erroneously (for example, L. Botal described not the ductus arteriosus, but the foramen ovale; the oblique sinus of the pericardium is mistakenly called Haller's sinus, and the atrioventricular septum is called Da Vinci's septum). To designate some anatomical structures double eponyms are used (Arantzi-Bianchi nodules, Vorobyov-Marshall fold, Viessen-Tebesia vessels, His-Tavara bundle, Eustachian-Sylvian’s valve, His-Flack’s node, etc.). Brief biographical information about the doctors and scientists who first described these structures and the sources in which they were described are presented. The identified eponyms reflect the history of not only anatomy, but also medicine in general. For example, a series of discoveries of the structures of the conduction system of the heart in the early 20th century was the result of a change in the morphological and pathomorphological directions in the study of the activity of the heart and the diagnosis of its diseases to the physiological and pathophysiological directions.

Aim: the number of patients requiring repeat surgical interventions on the thoracic aorta, including the proximal thoracic aorta, is constantly increasing. These procedures are technically challenging and associated with a high risk of complications. We present our center's experience and surgical strategy for managing this patient population.

Materials and methods: from January 2011 to September 2022, 44 patients with prior cardiac surgery underwent proximal thoracic aortic reinterventions at the Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery (Chelyabinsk, Russia). The mean age at reoperation was 55,3±12,8 years. Indications for re-intervention were as follows: aortic aneurysm (n=17, 38.6%), aortic valve prosthesis dysfunction (n=10, 22.7%), native aortic valve disease (n=8, 18.2%), pseudoaneurysm (n=4, 9.1%), type A aortic dissection (n=2, 4.6%), and prosthetic endocarditis (n=3, 6.8%).

Results: hospital mortality was 2,3% (n=1), due to progressive multiorgan failure. Mean aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) times were 151.4±42.1 min (range 69 - 245) and 240.9±63.5 min (range 141 - 390), respectively. Hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion was required in 13 patients (29.5%), with a mean duration of 24.8±10.2 min (range 12 - 40). Resternotomy for excessive bleeding was performed in 3 patients (6.8%), while 8 (18.2%) required prolonged ventilation (>24 h). ICU and hospital stays averaged 8.3±14.6 days (range 3 - 100) and 23.1±15.9 days (range 10 - 111), respectively. All discharged patients completed follow-up (mean 42.2±26.6 months). Four late deaths occurred. Overall survival was 85.2%.

Conclusion: patients requiring redo surgery on the proximal thoracic aorta represent a high-risk cohort. Meticulous surgical planning, including considerations for re-access, cannulation strategy, and cerebral and myocardial protection, is crucial for achieving favorable in-hospital outcomes. Long-term follow-up remains essential for this patient population.

Introduction: One of the most common methods of treating arrhythmias is catheter ablation of the heart. A relevant issue is the choice of an anesthetic aid and a specific drug for anesthesia, taking into account the effect of anesthetics on hemodynamics and their possible arrhythmogenic effect.

Objective: to evaluate the benefits and limitations of various anesthesia techniques applied in catheter ablation procedures, according to data from the scientific literature.

Materials and methods: in this literature review we analyzed 37 scientific articles published in the open-access PubMed database from 2000 to 2025, focusing on anesthesia techniques used during catheter ablation of the heart — general anesthesia (GA), deep sedation (DS) and conscious sedation (CS).

Results: many researches demonstrate that GA/DS improve procedural success, reduce ablation time, and lower recurrence rates while maintaining comparable safety to CS. The benefits of GA/DS are attributed to better catheter stability and precision. The choice of anesthetics considers their hemodynamic and arrhythmogenic effects. Propofol is effective for DS but requires monitoring due to risks of hypotension and respiratory depression. Dexmedetomidine minimizes respiratory complications but may cause bradycardia. Benzodiazepines and opioids are suitable for moderate sedation, though their combination increases respiratory depression risks.

Conclusion: GA/DS is recommended for complex procedures (e.g., AF ablation), ensuring better outcomes, while CS may be used for simpler interventions. The choice of anesthetic should be tailored to the patient’s condition and procedural requirements.

Aim: total arterial coronary bypass performed via minimally invasive access through an anterolateral mini-thoracotomy has significant advantages due to complete myocardial arterial revascularization. At the same time, it should be noted that this technique is technically challenging and requires overcoming a significant learning curve. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of development and improvement of the development and refinement of a surgical program over an 8-year period.

Materials and methods: a prospective data collection was performed for all patients who underwent this procedure at our institution between January 2015 and December 2023. During this period, the program underwent several modifications, including: optimization of surgical access using various available instruments and operative time management; standardization of the technique for all off-pump coronary artery bypass procedures; and implementation of a mentoring system for the surgical team. Changes in the quality control system involved a transition from routine postoperative coronary angiography to imaging only when clinically indicated.The effectiveness of these measures was evaluated according to the following parameters: Primary endpoint: in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints: procedure duration and incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. The analysis was performed by comparing two time periods: Group 1 (n=137): patients operated on during the first 4 years of the study; Group 2 (n=142): patients operated on during the second 4 years.

Results: a total of 279 consecutive patients underwent elective total arterial minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting at our institution during the study period. The mean age was 66 years (±7), 86% (n=241) were male, and 33.1% (n=77) had diabetes mellitus. Three-vessel desease was present in 53% of patients (n=123), and left main coronary artery desease in 43% (n=101).The overall 30-day mortality was 0.4% (n=1). Compared to the initial 4-year period, the latter patient group showed threefold reduction in the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (4.3% vs. 1.4%, p=0.1) and a statistically significant reduction in the time of surgery (275±59.5 minutes vs. 246±72.6 minutes, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: total arterial minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting is a feasible surgical approach that can yield excellent results even during the initial learning phase. An evolving educational program can facilitate a smooth transition from off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting to minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting in selected patients at highly specialized cardiac surgery centers.

Introduction: studying the epidemiology of chronic coronary artery disease (CCAD) allows us to assess the dynamics of the need for minimally invasive interventions in these patients. Aim: to evaluate trends in the CCAD epidemic situation in the context of applying minimally invasive surgical interventions.

Materials and methods: data from the Russian Federation's federal statistical observation forms for 2015–2024 were analyzed and statistically processed.

Results: an increase was observed in both the overall (from 3037.2 to 3517.4 per 100,000 population) and incidence (from 268.8 to 308.7) of CCAD by 15,8% and 14,9%, respectively. Among working-age population, while the overall an increase in the prevalence of CCAD incidence rate increased, the primary incidence rate remained unchanged. The coverage of CCAD patients with clinical follow - up increased, reaching 77,4% for the working-age population (meeting the target of 70%) and 82,3% for those above working age (below the 90% target). Hospitalization rates decreased from 591,8 to 573,1 per 100,000 population, while in-hospital mortality concurrently increased from 7,8% to 12,9%. The proportion of patients admitted as emergencies rose from 44,4% to 49,7%, and those transported by emergency medical services increased from 28,2% to 32,1%. Mortality from CCAD decreased from 193,2 to 143,9 per 100,000 population between 2015 and 2023.

Conclusion: despite increased screening coverage for CCAD patients, challenges persist related to labor legislation, which allocates days for initial screening but not for ongoing clinical follow-up. Problems in the hospitalization of CCAD patients are evident: the proportion of patients hospitalized as emergencies and transported by ambulance is rising, accompanied by an increase in in-hospital mortality. The implementation of minimally invasive interventions could potentially reduce mortality among CCAD patients and shorten their hospital stays.

Aim: to evaluate the immediate results of the treatment of uncomplicated infrarenal aortic aneurysms using minilaparotomic access in patients with a body mass index of up to 35 kg/m² and using preliminary videolaparoscopic dissection of the aortic aneurysm neck in patients with a body mass index of 35 kg/m² or more.

Materials and methods: а retrospective analysis of surgical treatment of patients with infrarenal aortic aneurysms was performed. The main group No. 1 (MG 1) consisted of 454 patients with a body mass index (BMI) of less than 35 kg/m², whose operation began using a median minilaparotomy in the mesogastric 5-7 cm long. The main group No. 2 (MG 2) consisted of 22 patients with a BMI from 35 kg/m² to 40 kg/m², who underwent video laparoscopic dissection of the aortic aneurysm neck at the first stage, then the operation was performed from a minilaparotomy access or a transition to a complete median laparotomy (conversion). The control groups (CG 1 and CG 2) corresponding to their main criteria were patients who were operated on from a complete median laparotomy.

Results: in patients with MG 1, conversion was undertaken in 164 (36%) cases. In patients with MG 2, conversion was necessary in 10 (45.5%) cases. The reasons for the transition to full median laparotomy in both groups were a combination of various factors. The cross-group comparative analysis was carried out without taking into account patients who required conversion. In groups MG 1 - CG 1 and MG 2 - CG2 (hereinafter, respectively), the duration of the operation was 140±30 min - 150±30 min and 210±40 -180±30 min. Patients were extubated in the operating room in 249 (85,8%) - 50 (41,7%) and 8(66,7%) - 45(31,7%) in some cases; the motor evacuation function of the intestine was restored on 2 ±1 - 3 ± 1 and 3± 1 - 4 ± 1 days; patients were activated within the ward for 2±1 - 3±1 and 2±1 - 4±1 days; the duration of postoperative inpatient treatment was 7±2 - 11±3 and 8±2 - 2±3 days; subcutaneous eventration of the omentum or small intestine was noted in 4 (1.4%) - 6(5%) and 0% - 7 (4.9%) cases; postoperative pneumonia developed in 10 (3,4%) - 13 (10,8%) and 1 (8,3%) - 20 (14,1%) patients; acute cardiac complications have been reported in 9 (3,1%) - 9 (7,5%) and 0% - 12 (8.5%) cases; postoperative mortality was 4 (1,4%) - 6(5%) and 0% - 7 (4.9%).

Conclusion: in the surgical treatment of patients with aneurysms of the infrarenal aorta, in order to reduce the risk of postoperative complications, a minilaparotomy approach can be successfully applied. The use of video laparoscopic technologies makes it possible to expand the possibilities of performing operations from a mini-access.

Objective: to perform a systematic evaluation of current evidence and future perspectives of minimally invasive approaches in aortic root surgery by analyzing their safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes compared to conventional median sternotomy.

Materials and methods: а comprehensive analytical literature review was conducted using international databases (Medline, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library) and Russian scientific sources (eLibrary.Ru). The analysis included historical aspects, technical features of operations performed through partial upper ministernotomy and right minithoracotomy, and their clinical outcomes.

Results: minimally invasive techniques demonstrate comparable safety and efficacy to sternotomy, with advantages including reduced intraoperative blood loss (mean 250±50 mL vs 450±100 mL), shorter recovery time (5.2±1.3 vs 7.8±2.1 days), lower infection rates (1.8% vs 4.5%), and excellent cosmetic results.

Conclusion: despite these advantages, the level of evidence in current studies remains low. Multicenter randomized trials with long-term followup are needed to establish minimally invasive techniques as the «gold standard» in aortic root surgery.

Objective: to explore the potential of monitoring and maintaining organ perfusion in patients with Takayasu arteritis. This condition presents a challenge for accurate blood pressure determination due to its heterogeneous clinical presentation and frequent delay in diagnosis.

Materials and methods: this case study analyzes the use of regional cerebral oximetry as a tool for assessing organ perfusion. Particular attention was paid to its application as a surrogate marker of hemodynamic status when non-invasive blood pressure measurement is unreliable. For the anesthetic management of a patient with severe Takayasu arteritis, various monitoring modalities were employed to ensure adequate organ perfusion.

Results: the case demonstrates that regional cerebral oximetry provides valuable insights into cerebral hemodynamics and can serve as an indicator of systemic perfusion. It is a useful alternative when standard blood pressure measurement is unfeasible. This monitoring approach helps prevent the underestimation of microcirculatory impairment and allows for timely treatment adjustments.

Conclusion: the presented findings and literature review support the potential role of regional cerebral oximetry as an adjunctive tool for monitoring perfusion. It can serve as a surrogate marker of cerebral hemodynamics in patients with Takayasu arteritis. This patient population poses unique perioperative monitoring challenges, underscoring the need for further research into effective methods for assessing hemodynamic status when traditional blood pressure measurements are inaccessible.

Aneurysms are unstable structures: they increase in size over time, leading to increased wall tension according to Laplace's law. This can cause serious complications, including aneurysm rupture, and is life-threatening. In such cases, surgical treatment is the optimal solution.

Aim: to demonstrate the feasibility of a surgical approach for treating a giant aneurysm of the right superior pulmonary vein.

Materials and methods: patient P., 63 y.o., presented to the outpatient department of the Regional Clinical Hospital with complaints of shortness of breath during moderate physical activity and walking 100-200 meters. A previous chest X-ray revealed a paracardiac mass on the right. Based on further examination using MSCT pulmonary angiography, an aneurysm up to 45.6 mm in size was diagnosed at the orifice of the right superior pulmonary veins, which was also confirmed by cardiac MRI.

Results: the patient underwent surgery, which included resection of the aneurysm with circumferential angioplasty of the distal orifices of the superior pulmonary veins and the proximal orifice into the left atrium using an autologous pericardial patch. Cardiopulmonary bypass time was 90 minutes. Aortic cross-clamp time was 63 minutes. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit without inotropic support. Extubation was performed 2 hours after surgery. The ICU stay lasted 2 days. Total blood loss via drains system during the ICU stay was 350 ml. The early postoperative period was uneventful. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 11th day after surgery without signs of circulatory failure.

Conclusions. Surgical treatment may be the optimal solution for the correction of a giant superior pulmonary vein aneurysm.