And anatomical structures of a normally formed heart. Part 2. Eponyms of the human heart conduction system, nerves, great vessels, and coronary arteries

A two-part article reviews and discusses the eponymous names of topographic landmarks and anatomical structures of a normally formed heart, covering the first written evidence of the use of anatomical terms Galen in the 2nd century up to the heart conduction system described in the 20th century and V.P. Vorobyov’s discovery of the cardiac plexus. A total of 90 eponyms were identified, including: 1) 6 pericardial eponyms; 2) 19 atrial eponyms; 3) 15 ventricular eponyms; 4) 28 eponyms of the conducting system and nerves of the heart; 5) 22 eponyms of the great arteries and the coronary arteries. The origin of several eponyms dates back to 2nd century, namely Galen's orifice and duct, Leonardo (da Vinci) ostium, valve and cord; Sinev-Crymski triangle, Tandler's trabecula, Hochstetter's septum). The rise of using eponyms for anatomical structures of the heart started from the 16th century (Leonardo (da Vinci) cord, tubercle of Lower, etc.) and was followed in 17th (nodules of Aranzio, Eustachian valve, etc.), the 18th (sinuses of Valsalva, Vieussens valve, Haller's horns, Thebesian veins, etc.), the 19th (Albini nodules, Haller's cavity, Henle space, canal of Cuvier, Rathke bundles, etc.), the 20th (Aschoff-Tawara node, Wenckebach’s bundle, triangle of Koch, etc.) centuries. Some eponyms are used erroneously (e.g. Botallo did not describe the ductus arteriosus, but redescribed the foramen ovale; the oblique pericardial sinus is mistakenly called Haller's sinus, and the atrioventricular septum is called Leonrado (Da Vinci) septum). To designate some anatomical structures double eponyms are used (Aranzio-Bianchi nodules, Worobiew-Marshall fold, Vieussens-Thebesian vessels, His-Tawara bundle, Eustachian-Sylvian’s valve, His-Flack’s node, etc.). A brief biography of famous eponymous surgeons gives insight and background to their work and professional achievements. The identified eponyms reflect the history of not only anatomy, but also medicine in general. For example, a series of discoveries of the structures of the heart conduction system in the early 20th century resultant from a switch to the morphological and pathomorphological concepts exploring heart function and associated diseases from the perspectives of the physiology and pathophysiology. Part 2 reviews the eponyms of the human heart conduction system, nerves, great vessels and coronary arteries.

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